7 results
Chapter 12 - Brown Bear (Ursus arctos; Eurasia)
- from Part II - Species Accounts
-
- By Jon E. Swenson, Hüseyin Ambarlı, Jon M. Arnemo, Leonid Baskin, Paolo Ciucci, Pjotr I. Danilov, Miguel Delibes, Marcus Elfström, Alina L. Evans, Claudio Groff, Anne G. Hertel, Djuro Huber, Klemen Jerina, Alexandros A. Karamanlidis, Jonas Kindberg, Ilpo Kojola, Miha Krofel, Josip Kusak, Tsutomu Mano, Mario Melletti, Yorgos Mertzanis, Andrés Ordiz, Santiago Palazón, Jamshid Parchizadeh, Vincenzo Penteriani, Pierre-Yves Quenette, Agnieszka Sergiel, Nuria Selva, Ivan Seryodkin, Michaela Skuban, Sam M.J.G. Steyaert, Ole-Gunnar Støen, Konstantin F. Tirronen, Andreas Zedrosser
- Edited by Vincenzo Penteriani, Mario Melletti
-
- Book:
- Bears of the World
- Published online:
- 16 November 2020
- Print publication:
- 26 November 2020, pp 139-161
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
This chapter comprises the following sections: names, taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, movements and home range, activity patterns, feeding ecology, reproduction and growth, behavior, parasites and diseases, status in the wild, and status in captivity.
The EPICA Dronning Maud Land deep drilling operation
- Frank Wilhelms, Heinrich Miller, Michael D. Gerasimoff, Cord Drücker, Andreas Frenzel, Diedrich Fritzsche, Hannes Grobe, Steffen Bo Hansen, Sverrir Æ. Hilmarsson, Georg Hoffmann, Kerstin Hörnby, Andrea Jaeschke, Steinunn S. Jakobsdóttir, Paul Juckschat, Achim Karsten, Lorenz Karsten, Patrik R. Kaufmann, Torbjörn Karlin, Eberhard Kohlberg, Guido Kleffel, Anja Lambrecht, Astrid Lambrecht, Gunther Lawer, Ivan Schärmeli, Jochen Schmitt, Simon G. Sheldon, Morimasa Takata, Marcus Trenke, Birthe Twarloh, Fernando Valero-Delgado, Dorothee Wilhelms-Dick
-
- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 55 / Issue 68 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, pp. 355-366
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
We report on the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) deep drilling operation. Starting with the scientific questions that led to the outline of the EPICA project, we introduce the setting of sister drillings at NorthGRIP and EPICA Dome C within the European ice-coring community. The progress of the drilling operation is described within the context of three parallel, deep-drilling operations, the problems that occurred and the solutions we developed. Modified procedures are described, such as the monitoring of penetration rate via cable weight rather than motor torque, and modifications to the system (e.g. closing the openings at the lower end of the outer barrel to reduce the risk of immersing the drill in highly concentrated chip suspension). Parameters of the drilling (e.g. core-break force, cutter pitch, chips balance, liquid level, core production rate and piece number) are discussed. We also review the operational mode, particularly in the context of achieved core length and piece length, which have to be optimized for drilling efficiency and core quality respectively. We conclude with recommendations addressing the design of the chip-collection openings and strictly limiting the cable-load drop with respect to the load at the start of the run.
Contributors
-
- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
12 - Rashi's Choice: The Pentateuch Commentary as Rewritten Midrash
- Edited by Michael Fishbane, University of Chicago, Joanna Weinberg, University of Oxford
-
- Book:
- Midrash Unbound
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 10 July 2020
- Print publication:
- 19 December 2013, pp 233-248
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
ALTHOUGH many have written supercommentaries, essays, and even books about Rashi as a biblical or talmudic exegete, until recently few have looked at him as an original medieval Jewish thinker, let alone as a historical source reflective of northern European Jewish mentalité. And yet, no medieval Jew shaped the collective identity of Ashkenazi and even Sephardi Jewry more than this remarkable figure, whose genealogy is obscure but who is often compared and contrasted to his Sephardi analogue, Maimonides, whose genealogy was long and distinguished. Could Rashi have been so widely accepted as ‘the’ interpreter of biblical-talmudic Judaism for all times had he himself not been a person of his own time as well as a refashioner of it?
The master exegete Rashi of Troyes (c.1040–1105) proposed Jewish core values to his readers, especially in his Pentateuch (Humash) commentary. He did not write a treatise but wrote biblical commentaries in the form of a selective editing of rabbinic lore. Even when he did not interpret narrative biblical irregularities, he wrote what I would call ‘rewritten Midrash’.
Readers have been divided over what Rashi did as a commentator. Religious educators saw him as a master teacher who sought to inculcate specific Jewish values. Although some anthologized his comments according to their own lights, others like Eliezer Lipschuetz and the renowned Bible teacher Nehama Leibowitz taught that Rashi's values were always answers to textual difficulties and not freely offered words of his own wisdom.
Academic Bible scholars shifted the focus to Rashi as a literal or literary exegete who should be studied as a transitional figure leading to the later northern French exegetes, such as his grandson, Rabbi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam, c.1085–c.1158), Rabbi Eliezer of Beaugency (twelfth century), Rabbi Joseph Kara (c.1065–c.1135), and Rabbi Joseph Bekhor Shor (twelfth century), and as being more traditional and less grammatically up to date than the Sephardi commentator, Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089–1164). Since the nineteenth century, modern scholars have been biased in favour of appreciating a strict philological style of biblical interpretation in medieval Spain and northern France, under the lure of ‘the Sephardi mystique’. Consequently, they have seen Rashi as a transitional figure between ancient Midrash and literal or so-called plain-style commentaries.
10 - Performative Midrash in the Memory of Ashkenazi Martyrs
- Edited by Michael Fishbane, University of Chicago, Joanna Weinberg, University of Oxford
-
- Book:
- Midrash Unbound
- Published by:
- Liverpool University Press
- Published online:
- 10 July 2020
- Print publication:
- 19 December 2013, pp 197-210
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Although students of Midrash have often focused on how readers take apart and put together biblical language to create new textual meanings, less noticed is how certain narratives record and interpret what might be called ‘performative Midrash’: people actually acting out, sometimes even in specific historical situations, modifications of biblical and biblically related texts. Performative Midrash builds on the notion of the creation of rites based on new exegetical interpretations of ancient words. I would like to explore further what Michael Fishbane has called ‘the exegetical construction of ritual reality’ by considering how historical actors themselves engage in behaviour that is stimulated by their own spontaneous or planned midrashic extension of earlier literary motifs and events. Others may then represent the event so constructed in a narrative or poetic form.
It is often impossible to separate performative from literary aspects of a newly imagined event and its subsequent literary representation. Compare the behaviour ascribed to Joshua, in connection with the failed battle to conquer Ai (Josh. 7), and Ezra, when he is told about intermarriage between the Jerusalem community members and the peoples of the land (Ezra 9).
In the book of Joshua, when the Israelites are defeated in the first battle of Ai, Joshua goes through an elaborate set of mourning gestures ( Josh. 7: 6). The act of desecrating the war booty is referred to by the Hebrew verb ma’al ( Josh. 7: 1), and the reason supplied for the Israelites’ defeat is that one Achan ben Carmi had misappropriated forbidden sacred war booty (ḥerem, Josh. 7: 1, 11–13, 15) that was to be consecrated to God alone and not diverted for human use ( Josh. 7: 18–20). In the book of Ezra, an inner-biblical midrashic expansion of Joshua 7 is behind the metaphor that the people of Israel is ‘the holy seed’ (zera hakodesh, Ezra 9: 2), and is equivalent to the sacred war booty in Joshua. The sin is expressed with a form of the verb ma’al, as in Joshua (Ezra 9: 2, 4), and Ezra is described as going through a series of mourning gestures as had Joshua (Ezra 9: 3–4).
Une communauté pieuse et le doute: mourir pour la Sanctification du Nom (Qiddouch ha-Chem) en Achkenaz (Europe du Nord) et l'histoire de rabbi Amnon de Mayence
- Ivan G. Marcus
-
- Journal:
- Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales / Volume 49 / Issue 5 / October 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, pp. 1031-1047
- Print publication:
- October 1994
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Les communautés et les cultures juives du Moyen Age peuvent être divisées en deux grands groupes culturels : séfarades et achkénazes. Les premiers désignent les juifs qui vivaient sous domination musulmane depuis la conquête arabe au début du VIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du Moyen Age, en Afrique du Nord et dans l'Empire ottoman. Sur un plan linguistique, Sefarad désigne l'Espagne, mais l'adjectif séfarade a fini par inclure toutes les communautés juives vivant sur des terres musulmanes, en particulier autour de la Méditerranée. En revanche, Achkenaz désignait, à l'origine, les juifs installés en Rhénanie à la fin du Xe siècle, mais il a fini par englober toutes les communautés juives de l'Empire germanique, la France, l'Angleterre, ainsi que toute l'Europe de l'Est.
Ephraim Kanarfogel. Jewish Education and Society in the High Middle Ages. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1992. Pp. 213. $19.95.
- Ivan G. Marcus
-
- Journal:
- History of Education Quarterly / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / Summer 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 February 2017, pp. 257-259
- Print publication:
- Summer 1993
-
- Article
- Export citation